Numerical Study On Cloud Lines Over An Urban Street In Tokyo     

Manabu Kanda  Yushi Inoue  Itsushi Uno 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,98(2):251-273

`Kanpachi Street Cloud (KSC)' is an unusual small-scalecumulus cloud line visible during calm summer conditions over a major street in the Tokyo metropolitanarea. In order to understand the mechanism leading to the formation of this cloud line,numerical simulations have been performed using the Regional Atmospheric Modelling System.The general characteristics of the simulated KSC agree well with observations. On alarge-scale view, the KSC can be characterized as a cumulus cloud line generated at the convergenceline of two sea breezes on the western side of Tokyo Bay, while on the microscale view, it resemblesBenard-type thermal convection modified longitudinally by wind shear.The location of the convergence line leading to the KSCformation coincides withthe Kanpachi street location, although the street itself does notmake any direct effect on the KSC formation. Additional numerical experiments were performed toidentify causes of the KSC formation in accordance with urbanization, by changing anthropogenicheat impact, land-cover and grid resolution.They confirmed that the formation of the KSC requirestwo meteorological processes at the same time:(1) the convergence of two sea breezes – the localsouth-eastern sea breeze from Tokyo Bay andan extended southern sea breeze from thePacific Ocean, respectively; (2) Forcing due to an urban heat island. It is shown that urbanization couldchange the intensity and position of the KSC through enhancement of local upward motions and changesin the near-surface horizontal pressure gradient between urban and sub-urban areas. Further,fine horizontal grid resolution is needed to be able to resolve these local thermal convection issues.  相似文献   

层状冷云人工增雨可播性实时识别技术研究   总被引：18，自引：1，他引：18       下载免费PDF全文

陶树旺  刘卫国  李念童  王广河  周毓荃  胡志晋 《应用气象学报》2001,12(Z1):14-22

该文综合分析了4次层状冷云人工增雨过程的雷达回波、粒子测量系统(PMS)探测资料，以及GPS定位资料，提出应以PMS的FSSP-100探头探测的云中粒子浓度以及2D-C探头探测的云中大粒子浓度作为判别云中可播性的主要技术参量，并发展了层状冷云飞机人工增雨实时监测指挥技术。FSSP-100探测的粒子浓度不小于20/cm3的云区才具有一定的可播性。其中2D-C探测的大粒子浓度小于20/L时，可确定为强可播区，否则为可播区。  相似文献   

对流云增雨作业效果回波对比分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

周勇  王斌  唐仁茂  杨维军  石燕 《应用气象学报》2001,12(Z1):158-163

人工催化对流云的效果检验是一个非常复杂的科学难题，它受当前科研水平、仪器装备水平、研究对象复杂性等多方面的制约。该文通过运用加密雷达资料对一次对流云催化作业个例的效果进行分析，采用目标云和对比云比较分析的方法，探讨了根据雷达回波各种参数的变化来判断催化作业效果的途径。结果表明，目标云在降水、生命期特征、回波垂直特征参数变化等方面都表现出与对比云明显的差异，从而推断本次作业达到了增加降雨的效果。  相似文献   

利用SD型闪电频数识别高原雷雨云和冰雹云   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10  

黄彦彬  王振会 《南京气象学院学报》2001,24(2):275-280

分析了青海省西宁市和互助县两地的闪电频数资料，结果表明，在青海省人工防雹区山多，地形复杂的情况下，使用SD型闪电计数器可以识别饱点周围40km的雷雨云和冰雹云，当雷暴由山区向平地移动时，5min闪电频数不小于40次，可作为作用的指标，而雷暴从平面向山区移动时，作业指标不小于30次／(5min)，雷暴云闪电频数的升度大于10次（5min)也可以作为识别雷雨云和冰雹云的指标，但时效较短，利用ＳＤ型闪电频数识别高原雷雨云和冰雹云是一种简便，经济实用的手段，有助于没有雷达等观测设备的偏僻山区防雹作业。  相似文献   

Changes of cloud microphysical properties during the transition from supercooled to mixed-phase conditions during CIME     

Stephan Mertes  Alfons Schwarzenbck  Paolo Laj  Wolfram Wobrock  Jean-Marc Pichon  Giordano Orsi  Jost Heintzenberg 《Atmospheric Research》2001,58(4)

A ground-based seeding experiment using carbon dioxide and propane sprayed from pressurized bottles was carried out under supercooled cloud conditions on a small spatial and short time scale. Water vapor deposition on the artificially generated dry ice and propane ice germs as the main ice formation process (nucleation and growth) is consistent with the experimental results. After nucleation, diffusional growth of the ice particles, partly at the expense of evaporating small droplets, was identified during the mixing of the seeding line with the ambient supercooled cloud. Within the seeding plume, ice water contents up to 80% of the total condensed water are observed, although the size of the formed ice particles did not exceed 25 μm. From the changes of the ice and supercooled liquid phase with time under mixed-phase conditions, liquid water content (LWC) evaporation, ice water content (IWC) formation, and ice crystal growth rates are estimated, which are not affected by the artificial nucleation process. Thus, these rates are assessed to be applicable for a growing ice phase of small ice particles in a young mixed-phase cloud, where other growth mechanisms, like riming or aggregation, are negligible.  相似文献   

DEVELOPING AND NON-DEVELOPING TROPICAL CYCLONES AS REVEALED BY HIGH DENSITY CLOUD MOTION WINDS   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

方翔  许健民  张其松 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2001,7(1):80-85

An algorithm for computation of cloud motion winds has been developed at the National Satellite Meteorological Center in China. Since 1997, it has been applied to calculate the cloud motion winds for a 1.25 lat. 1.25 long. mesh over the northwest Pacific region with the satellite data from GMS-5. The development of the tropical cyclones is studied. It shows that the tropical cyclone is usually intrigued by the westerly jet streams at the upper levels of the troposphere, which may be caused by mid-latitude troughs well extending into the tropics. During the prime season of summer, the westerly flowing equatorward of the TUTT may also be a cause for the generation of typhoons.  相似文献   

雹云成雹机制及最佳催化方案的数值研究     

黄毅梅  李子华等 《河南气象》2001,(3):35-37

应用中科院大气物理研究所建立的三维雹云模式，对河南南阳1999年5月9日一次降雹过程进行了数值模拟，模拟结果表明：云内存在过冷水累积区，冰雹在过冷水累积区长大；使用不同催化方案催化后，均能起到减少地面降雹的作用，但是在雹云形成的不同时间、不同的催化部位和使用不同的催化剂量，其消雹效果不一样，在冰雹形成前于过冷水累积区催化效果最好。  相似文献   

Phase partitioning of aerosol particles in clouds at Kleiner Feldberg     

A. Hallberg  K. J. Noone  J. A. Ogren  I. B. Svenningsson  A. Flossmann  A. Wiedensohler  H. -C. Hansson  J. Heintzenberg  T. L. Anderson  B. G. Arends  R. Maser 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(1-2):107-127

The partitioning of aerosol particles between cloud droplets and interstitial air by number and volume was determined both in terms of an integral value and as a function of size for clouds on Mt. Kleiner Feldberg (825 m asl), in the Taunus Mountains north-west of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Differences in the integral values and the size dependent partitioning between two periods during the campaign were observed. Higher number and volume concentrations of aerosol particles in the accumulation mode were observed during Period II compared to Period I. In Period I on average 87±11% (±one standard deviation) and 73±7% of the accumulation mode volume and number were incorporated into cloud droplets. For Period II the corresponding fractions were 42±6% and 12±2% in one cloud event and 64±4% and 18±2% in another cloud event. The size dependent partitioning as a function of time was studied in Period II and found to have little variation. The major processes influencing the partitioning were found to be nucleation scavenging and entrainment.  相似文献   

Computer modelling of clouds at Kleiner Feldberg     

R. N. Colvile  R. Sander  T. W. Choularton  K. N. Bower  D. W. F. Inglis  W. Wobrock  D. Schell  I. B. Svenningsson  A. Wiedensohler  H. -C. Hansson  A. Hallberg  J. A. Ogren  K. J. Noone  M. C. Facchini  S. Fuzzi  G. Orsi  B. G. Arends  W. Winiwarter  T. Schneider  A. Berner 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(1-2):189-229

The airflow, cloud microphysics and gas- and aqueous-phase chemistry on Kleiner Feldberg have been modelled for the case study of the evening of 1 November 1990, in order to calculate parameters that are not easily measured in the cloud and thus to aid the interpretation of the GCE experimental data-set. An airflow model has been used to produce the updraught over complex terrain for the cloud model, with some care required to ensure realistic modelling of the strong stable stratification of the atmosphere. An extensive set of measurements has been made self-consistent and used to calculate gas and aerosol input parameters for the model. A typical run of the cloud model has calculated a peak supersaturation of 0.55% which occurs about 20 s after entering cloud where the updraught is 0.6 m s^–1. This figure has been used to calculate the efficiency with which aerosol particles were scavenged; it is higher than that calculated by other methods, and produces a cloud with slightly too many droplets. A broad cloud droplet size spectrum has been produced by varying the model inputs to simulate turbulent mixing and fluctuations in cloud parameters in space and time, and the ability of mixing processes near cloud-base to produce a lower peak supersaturation is discussed. The scavenging of soluble gases by cloud droplets has been observed and departures from Henry's Law in bulk cloud-water samples seen to be caused by variation of pH across the droplet spectrum and the inability of diffusion to adjust initial distributions of highly soluble substances across the spectrum in the time available. Aqueous-phase chemistry has been found to play a minor role in the cloud as modelled, but circumstances in which these processes would be more important are identified.  相似文献   

基于神经网络B—P算法的雹云识别模型及其效果检验   总被引：2，自引：7，他引：2  

李祚泳  邓新民 《高原气象》1994,13(1):44-49

本文根据成都、内江和泸州等地的雷达回波和部分探空资料，应用神经网络Ｂ－Ｐ算法建立了不同地区的３参数和４参数雹云识别模型，并对模型进行了分析和效果检验。结果表明：该模型不仅能得到较高的拟合率和预报准确率，而且由于Ｂ－Ｐ网络具有自组织，自学习和自适应的能力，与其它方法相比具有一定的优越性。  相似文献